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Cervical cancer is one of the most common cancers in women around the world.
In this article, we will discuss various aspects of this disease process, including types of cervical cancer, prognosis and histological types, clinical stage according to the FIGO classification, causes of this cancer, symptoms, diagnosis, cervical dysplasia, treatment methods and the possibility of preserving fertility.
Types of cervical cancer
Cervical cancer can take many forms, but is most often divided into two main histological types:
- Squamous cell carcinoma (aka squamous cell carcinoma), which accounts for approximately 70-90% of all cases.
- Adenocarcinoma (adenocarcinoma), which occurs in other cases.
Prognosis and histological types
The prognosis of cervical cancer depends on many factors, including the stage of the disease, histological type and treatment. Squamous cell carcinoma tends to have a better prognosis than adenocarcinoma. Early diagnosis and treatment significantly improve the chances of cure.
Clinical stage – classification according to FIGO
The classification according to the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) divides cervical cancer into four main stages:
- Stage 0: Cancer in situ, i.e. in its place of origin, not extending beyond the cervical mucosa.
- Stage I: Cancer limited to the cervix.
- Stage II: The cancer has spread beyond the cervix but has not yet reached the pelvic wall.
- Stage III: Advanced cancer that has spread to the pelvic wall or affects the lower pelvic organs.
- Stage IV: Advanced cancer that has spread to distant organs and tissues.
What are the causes of cervical cancer?
The causes of cervical cancer are complex and include many risk factors, such as:
- Infection with HPV (human papillomavirus), which is the main risk factor.
- Smoking.
- Weakened immune system.
- Early start of sexual intercourse.
- Inappropriate cytological tests.
Symptoms of cervical cancer
Symptoms of cervical cancer may vary depending on the stage of the disease, but most often include:
- Vaginal discharge with blood or abnormal bleeding between periods.
- Pain during sexual intercourse.
- Pain in the pelvis.
- Problems urinating or defecating (in advanced cases).
How to diagnose cervical cancer?
Cervical cancer diagnosis includes tests such as cytology (Pap test), colposcopy, biopsy, imaging tests, as well as tests for the presence of the HPV virus. Regular preventive examinations are crucial for early detection of the disease.
What is cervical dysplasia?
Cervical dysplasia is a precancerous change in the cells of the cervix that can evolve into cancer if not properly diagnosed and treated. This can often be managed and treated effectively to avoid the development of cancer.
How to treat cervical cancer? Can you preserve your fertility?
Treatment of cervical cancer depends on the stage of the disease, its histological type and other factors. It may include surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy or targeted therapies. In some cases, when the disease is early, fertility can be preserved with appropriate treatment.
Your suggestions
If you have any questions about cervical cancer or need additional information, please consult your doctor or specialist. Regular preventive examinations are crucial for early detection and treatment of this disease.
Recommended articles
If you want to learn more about cervical cancer, we recommend reading the following articles:
- “How to Avoid Cervical Cancer: Prevention Tips and Strategies.”
- “Modern methods of treating cervical cancer: What’s new in medicine.”
- “The impact of lifestyle on the risk of cervical cancer: How to take care of your health.”
Cervical cancer is a serious disease, but with appropriate prevention and treatment, the chances of recovery can be significantly improved. Let’s take care of our health and participate in regular check-ups to prevent this disease.